2
  -2022
   
    
(   -V)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.             ?        
     ?    
2.          ?   
                  
 -
3. 
Z-    ? Z-       
4. F-      ?
 -
5.  10           ' 50       
    '     6        
2
           
     
        ?






:
 

25
20
35
15
23
 

26
30
40
16
45


 
 
 
 

:
 

28
26
20
35
30
 

40
29
41
49
46
6.     -      ?      

?       
-
7.                
      
8.    -   (X, Y, Z)         
    , 12  -      '    
                 
         

 

14
14
18
16
13
16
18
15
19
22
19
20
2
  -2022
   
    
(   -V)
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.             ?        
     ?    
:        ?      
  ?
   
            '    
               ,  
 
  
   
 ,      
 '        ,  " "  
 
   ,      
     
        
                
 
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 1.       (     )
󷃆󼽢   -     (      )
                
  ()       
2
      
         
      ,          
        
  :
  ()   (μ)    
  (p
)   (p)   
  (s²)   (σ²)   
󷃆󼽢   -    (     )
             
   '
   
     ,    ,      

   
 :
   
            100
       
 :    = (Σx)/n
 : = 165.3  (    )
 ,



   ( )

     
󹸯󹸭󹸮 2.         
   :
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   :
         
 ,        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷    :
               
2
 , "       95%   160   170
   "
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 3.         (      
?)
         (-   )   
       ?            
  
         :
󹻀 .  - "   
"
          (  )  
           
󹻂 :        

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
      60    
      
     ,    ()       60
   
󷃆󼽢       "    "
󹻀 .   - "
   ,    "
                  -
      
󹻂 :-      ,        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
10              
 , 
1,000         
󷃆󼽢          
󹻀 C.  - "          "
   ,     (     -)
       
2
󹻂 :    ,             , 
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
  A 50, 52, 48  -   ,   B 60, 40, 70  , 
 A   
󷃆󼽢   =   =  
󹻀 .  - "      "
              
    
󹻂 :      

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
                 
 
󷃆󼽢  
       

󹻀 .  - "        "
               


󹻂 :        ,     
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
       
        
 
 
󷃆󼽢           
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 4.     -   
              
            
 ,  
 100        
    ()     
2
  ,  = 72.5   ,    
, 
        ?

    :


 

      72.5 ?
 

        
?
 

        ?
 

         ?
 

          ?
 
(  
)
 ,      
,       
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 5. 
 :
       ;       
     :
o :    
o  :      
o :     
o  :      
o :    (  )
    
           
       
2
2.          ?   
                  
:     ? -     -  
   
        
      
 
        
  -     
 
   ?
   , 
          
   
 " " 
   ?
""  ""       ,  ""    
       '       
   -  :
  
  
  
   
   (   ),     
       
    ,       
 ,     -- :
1.      (n)

         , 
 6   ,
  n = 6
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     6 
          

2.      
         :
 ( ,   )
2
 ( ,   )
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾    
   ,   ,     
 !
3.      (p)
      (    )    
   () ,   ()     :
 = 0.5
 ,  (     )    :
q = 1 - p = 0.5
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾            -  

4.   
        

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾        '   ,    
  
  '        
   
   
5.  
      ,     
  (  0, 1, 2, …n )   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾      2.5  
        
6.   
    n    k    
  :
󰇛
󰇜
󰇡
󰇢

:
2
󰇡
󰇢 "n choose k" ,   =


󰇛

󰇜
n =   
k =    ( ,   )
p =   
q = 1 p =   
       :
 :
              
   :
n = 6 (   )
k = 3 ( 
   )
p = 0.5 (   )
q = 0.5 (   )
--  :
     :
󰇛
󰇜
󰇡
󰇢
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛

󰇜

 1:    󰇡
󰇢
󰇡
󰇢


󰇛
󰇜


 2: p  q     
(0.5)3 = 0.125  (0.5)3 = 0.125
 3:    
󰇛
󰇜
   
2
󷃆󼽢  :
6      3     0.3125,  31.25% 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬     '  ()
 
      ,   6     
   26=642^6 = 6426=64    (  HHTTHT, HTHTHH, )
 64  , 20   3    20/64 = 0.3125
    
?
        '   :
  :     
 :       
 :     
:    
 :         
  -      


  (n)
      ( , 6  )
   
 /  /
   (p)
      ( , 0.5)
 
    

  
  
,     
  
n   k       , 
 
2


-

, , ,       
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
              
  
    
   ""  ""    
      , 
  6       3
     0.3125  31.25% 
 
,  ,      ,     
 , 
      
 -
3. 
Z-    ? Z-       
:  -  -         
   
           
        ,  
  : "  
   ?     ?"    :  
  ,    -   
,       :
"     1.5    "
   ?   ,         
 Z-   
     - -   -       
         
1. Z-  ?
Z-       ,          
              '    
       ()     
2
    :
Z-       () 0      1 
   -              
   '   
2. -     
  -    -      -    :
    100  85   ,     80 ,  
 5 
    100  78   ,    70 ,  
 4 
  ',    (85)  (78)            
      ?
 Z-  (        ):
: = (85 - 80) / 5 = 1.0
: = (78 - 70) / 4 = 2.0
  Z-  ,             Z- 
  -  -      
3. Z-   ?
 Z- (      )       
        
  :
󰇛
󰇜
:
X =  
μ =  ()
σ =  
:
2
 Z = 0 ,     ' 
 Z > 0 ,      
 Z < 0 ,      
4.     Z- 
 ?
     , 
, ,  , 
        , 
       
   ,  ,         
  Z-     :
   
 
  
-    
  Z-       
5. Z-  
(1)  0 
      , Z-    0    ,  
  Z- 0 ,        '  
(2)   1 
            +1  Z-     
 1  ,  -2  Z-       2  
(3)     
Z-     -         :
     
     
(4) 
Z-  (0)        , 0        
      -      50% 
2
(5)       = 1
       
       ,    1 (
100%)           
(6)   (68-95-99.7 )
Z- :
 68%  ±1   (Z = -1  +1)    
 95% ±2   (Z = -2  +2)    
 99.7% ±3   (Z = -3  +3)    
                 
6. Z-  
(i)      
           ( ,   
      ?),        Z-  
       '  
(ii)  
 -     (  IQ   ) '
       Z-    
(iii)    
           ,    ,
 ,   ,  -    
(iv)    
SAT, GRE,            Z- 
  ,         
7. Z-     
-     
 
         
      (  , SPSS, R)   

2
            
 
8.    -     
   
Z-        
 ,  , 
      , Z-             
    -  ,   
       , "  Z- 2 ,"       :

      ,

 97.5%       ( Z-   '),
    
 , Z-      -      
     
 
  
4. F-      ?
:󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 - :   
   
         ,  

         ,       
     - F- -   
        
   
󷗛󷗜 -  ?
F-             
     
   ,                 -
     (    ) 
           
       
      
   F-     
   '       :
 (  )
 
2
    
     ,       -   ,
    -   
    '   
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 -    
1. 󹳣󹳤󹳥   -  
              -     -   F-
   

? 
        (     
 ),               

   ,        , F- 
 '   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   :           
  ,          -     
2. 󽅐       
F-            
  

 ? 
      ,   
 -    (    
 )
 ,  
       ,   
 
3. 󷘄󷘅󷘆󷘇󷘈󷘉      -  (df1  df2) '   
   ,          , F- 
     :
df1 (   ) -    
df2 (   ) -    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾               


2
 :
 
      n₁ = 10  n₂ = 15     , :
df1 = n₁ - 1 = 9
df2 = n₂ - 1 = 14
      ' F-    
4. 󷃆󹸊󹸋   

F-     :
    

      ,       
- df1  df2  ,        ,     


5. 󺭬󺭭 F-      '   
F-   ( df2 > 2  )        :
.

    :
df2    
  1    ,  df2   1    
6. 󹳦󹳤󹳧       
  -   

       ,   F-     0   
 0    , 
        
    F-           

7. 󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫               
-       ,  :
      (F-)
2
 (          )
   
  , 
 F-         F-  
    
8. 󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈       1 
   , F-     1        
100%  
 
9. 󷃆󹸊󹸋 -      ,      
 
 df1  df2      ( , 100  ),  F-      
     
   
         '   
     
10. 󹸯󹸭󹸮         

 F-  '  ,       , F-
     
  ,     F-        
󼨐󼨑󼨒   :      



-   , 

   (0  ∞)

    (df1, df2)

df2 '   , df2/(df2 - 2)    
 
   , ANOVA, 
2



   (    )
  
 1

      
  
        
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  : F-    
   
F-    ,           
         :
"         ?"
"       ?"
"       ?"
  
    - ANOVA, F-    
  - 
           

    ,          F- , -
,            
    , 
 -        
 -
5.  10           ' 50       
    '     6        
           
     
        ?






:
 

25
20
35
15
23
2
 

26
30
40
16
45


 
 
 
 

:
 

28
26
20
35
30
 

40
29
41
49
46
:   
      10     
 6-       
         
         
    :    
      ?
               
   , 
     ,     
     
      --       
   
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  
            :

     
     

25
26

20
30

35
40

15
16

23
45

28
40
2

     
     

26
29

20
41

35
49

30
46
               
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒  : 
       ?
    " -"        ,    
        
          - 
 ,    ""  "" 
󹸯󹸭󹸮  -   ?
                 


           
            (  ) 
    
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚    -- 
       -   
 1:    

   "  "  "  "   
 :

 
  
 (d =   -  )

25
26
1
2

 
  
 (d =   -  )

20
30
10

35
40
5

15
16
1

23
45
22

28
40
12

26
29
3

20
41
21

35
49
14

30
46
16
 2:         (d
)
  ( )    , 
      
    :
   = 1 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 22 + 12 + 3 + 21 + 14 + 16 = 105
   = 10
  (d) = 105 / 10 = 10.5
 3:        
 
          
1.  (d - d

 - 
(d - d
1
-9.5
90.25
10
-0.5
0.25
2

 - 
(d - d
5
-5.5
30.25
1
-9.5
90.25
22
11.5
132.25
12
1.5
2.25
3
-7.5
56.25
21
10.5
110.25
14
3.5
12.25
16
5.5
30.25
2.   (d - d
 :
 = 90.25 + 0.25 + 30.25 + 90.25 + 132.25 + 2.25 + 56.25 + 110.25 + 12.25 + 30.25 = 554.5
3. n - 1      (    = 10 - 1 = 9):
 = 554.5 / 9 = 61.61   (Sd) = √61.61 ≈ 7.85
 4: -   
   :

:
d= 10.5 ( )
Sd= 7.85 (   )
N = 10 (  )




 



 5: -      
2
9   (n-1)  0.05     t-  ,   
2.262 
   t = 4.23 > 2.262
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 

    t- (4.23)  t- (2.262)   , 
  
 
󷃆󼽢    ?
               ' 
   :
!            
󼨻󼨼   
?
      -     :
            
           
 
          
  
   
    '    ,  
        
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨     
    ,           
   
       - 
      ?
      :     t-

 ,      ,   - 
    
2
6.     -      ?      

?       
:󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   -  :    
 
   
        
    
             -  
-  -  -  -  

  ,               
             ,     
  
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀     -   -  - 
     :
"   
   ,    ,       
     
       -    
  ,                
     "
       -  
 
󷃆󽄾     ?
    :
"              
   , 
    
        
       -   '    (  )"
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷          :
1.    '   
2.      
3.       (  , , ) '   
4.         (    
 )
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚        :
2
- (     )
 (       )
  - (   )
   ,            

󷃆󽄾 -    ?
    :
"          
     
 
            -    -   
     
"
               

 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 -       :
1.      
2.       
3.   (  )    (  )    

4.            
  
  
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚 -       :
- 
-  
- 
 - 
󽅄󽅅  , -     
?
         :
", ,      -    ?"
         , "- !"
2
! 󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬
-   -  ,    '   -   , , ,
  ,     
󹸯󹸭󹸮 -  :  
  -      
  :
"   
    
  
,      

 :         ?      

   -     "
-        :
1. 󷃆󼽢      - 
          (   )    ( 
   )    
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀  :

    100  :
40  
30    
30  
      :
50   
20   
30   
             '  , 
-
    
󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕   :
󰇛
󰇜
:
2
O =   
E =  

      ,     ,   -  
  , 
        ' - 
       
         ,     '  
2. 󷃆󼽢    - 
          :
"          ?"
, 
        
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀  :
 
 



30
10
10
50

20
20
10
50

50
30
20
100
 
           
  ,   :
󰇛
󰇜
    (E)       :
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛󰇜


   E    , O    ,  -    

󹸽   
     ,   -       :
2
-     > -     
-     -      

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   (H):
   :          
 :    (  
)
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔 -    
1. 󷃆󼽢      
2. 󷃆󼽢   '   
3. 󷃆󼽢      
4. 󷃆󼽢  , ,        ' 
 
󺠰󺠱   
1. 󽅂      
   (      
 < 5 
 )
2. 󽅂    , - 
3. 󽅂     
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
    :

 
- 

   
   
 
/
/

 
    

-, 
-, - , 
2

 
- 
-  
󽅂  
󷃆󼽢 -
󽄻󽄼󽄽 
 ,     :
"  -     ?  -   ?"
 
       ,  
 :
"            ,    
-     
   -   -
                
               ,    
 "
-
7.                
      
:   
         '   
 
    ,  -         
    '           , 
  
            (  )   
         ANOVA 
  -    
            
  ?
ANOVA             -   
             -      
  
 
  -     ?
, -         ,         
 ?  , 3 -          4 -
2
       ?      ANOVA   - 
             
ANOVA     :
- 
- 
  -  
-   :  
  ?
   
        -   ( A,  B, 
 C)           
    
  :    - ANOVA , 
 
   (
)    ( ) '      
-      ?
   :
      (     )

        
     ( ,  , , )
 :
   :
 :      
 :       
 :       

        :        
   ?
- ANOVA       
-   :   
  ?
2
,    
       
, 
        
  :
      ,
     ,
       
     -       -       
    '           
-      ?
   :
      ( ,    )

           
    
 :
  

 

70

80


75


85


68


90
 -  ANOVA    :
        ?
     ?
               
  ?
󹸯󹸭󹸮 -  -     
2

-  
-  
 
 


 
  
     
 
 
 
 

     
 
       
    


 
 
    
( ,  A, B, C)
     ( , 
A/B/C  /)
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   (CD)  ?
 , ANOVA               

             (CD)  -  


    :
                 -  

               
--:   (CD)   
   ANOVA 
      ,  
Tukey's HSD (
  )  Least Significant Difference (LSD)      CD 
    
  '     :
󷃆󹹳󹹴󹹵󹹶         (LSD )
1.     (MSE) ANOVA  ,    (, 
) 
2.   (SE)   :


2
 n =      
3.          ,
   ( ,
0.05) ' t-  t- 
4.   (CD)   :
 = tx -
5.      :
         CD   ,      
 
󷃆󼽢  : -    
 :
 = 10
n = 10  
t (t- ) = 2.101 (df = 27 , 0.05  ')




 = 2.101 x 1.41 = 2.96
,         A   = 50   B   = 54 ,
:
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 -   
- ANOVA CD           :
    ( ,  )
    ( , )
   
      :
   MSE 
2
   SE    (         
)
 t-   
         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷    

- 
- 


1
2

   
      

 -    
 
       
  
  
     
  
       

-

,   
 ,      
    '  
󷕘󷕙󷕚   
-      -  -    
-         "   ?"  -  
     "     ,       ?"
   : ANOVA 
      ,  Critical Difference (CD)

      
     , 
      
    -        
2
8.    -   (X, Y, Z)         
    , 12  -      '    
                 
         

 

14
14
18
16
13
16
18
15
19
22
19
20
: 󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃     :     
          ,      
                
  -    X, Y,  Z         , 
    :
"          ?"
     ,   12  '      
         :
4    
4   Y 
4   Z 
  ,     (   ,     
)  :



14, 16, 18,

14, 13, 15, 22

18, 16, 19, 20
!             ,     
15  (
            )  , 
   :
2



14, 16, 18, 15

14, 13, 15, 22

18, 16, 19, 20
,               (
 )             ANOVA ( 
) 
 
󹸯󹸭󹸮  1:      
     ,         
  (H₀):        
  

  (H₁):-        
                
  
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  2:   ?
ANOVA (  )     
    (  : X, Y, Z)
                  
-- (    )     , ANOVA    
     
             :
1. -           
2.               
            ,  
  
       

󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕  3:    --
       --  
2
󹻂  3.1:   (N)
   4    = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 
󹻂  3.2:   
X   = (14 + 16 + 18 + 15)/4 = 15.75
Y   = (14 + 13 + 15 + 22)/4 = 16
Z   = (18 + 16 + 19 + 20)/4 = 18.25
󹻂  3.3:   ( )
  = (14 + 16 + 18 + 15 + 14 + 13 + 15 + 22 + 18 + 16 + 19 + 20) = 220
  = 220 / 12 = 18.33
 ,     -   :
X: 14 + 16 + 18 + 15 = 63
: 14 + 13 + 15 + 22 = 64
: 18 + 16 + 19 + 20 = 73
 = 63 + 64 + 73 = 200
    = 200 / 12 = 16.67
󹻂  3.4:      (SSB)   
SSB = n * [(X - GM  )² + (Y - GM  )² + (Z - GM  )²]  n =  
   = 4
SSB = 4 * [(15.75 - 16.67)² + (16 - 16.67)² + (18.25 - 16.67)²]= 4 * [0.8464 + 0.4489 + 2.5609]=
4 * 3.8562 = 15.4248
󹻂  3.5:      (SSW)  
SSW =        
X :
(14 - 15.75)² + (16 - 15.75)² + (18 - 15.75)² + (15 - 15.75)²= 3.0625 + 0.0625 + 5.0625 + 0.5625
= 8.75
Y :
(14 - 16)² + (13 - 16)² + (15 - 16)² + (22 - 16)²= 4 + 9 + 1 + 36 = 50
Z :
(18 - 18.25)² + (16 - 18.25)² + (19 - 18.25)² + (20 - 18.25)²= 0.0625 + 5.0625 + 0.5625 + 3.0625
= 8.75
2
    = 8.75 + 50 + 8.75 = 67.5
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  4:    
  (df1) = k - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
   (df2) = N - k = 12 - 3 = 9
 k =   , N =  
󹸱󹸲󹸰  5:  
MSB (  ) = SSB / df1 = 15.42 / 2 = 7.71
MSW (  ) = SSW / df2 = 67.5 / 9 = 7.5
󼨐󼨑󼨒  6: F- 
 =  /  = 7.71 / 7.5 = 1.028
󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈  7: F-     
5%    ', df1 = 2  df2 = 9 ,  F-  4.26  (F-  )
     F (1.028) <critical <F (4.26) , 
   
   
󷃆󼽢   :
5%    '           '
  
         '    
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 -  :
       :
     ' Z        ,   
  
         ,   
, 
      
2
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂       :
1.      '     
2.          ANOVA   
3. F-              
  
4.      '   ,    '  
 
5.  F-          
"                  

          ,           "